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Electro Rent, a provider of test and technology solutions and services, has been named preferred partner by Rohde & Schwarz for rental solutions across Europe signalling closer collaboration between the two companies.

The new agreement brings together two global leaders to provide fast, flexible access to the latest, electronic test equipment. Working with Electro Rent, Rohde & Schwarz will be able to support customers in removing the financial barriers to effective test and measurement that might hinder innovation.

Rohde & Schwarz customers will also have access to the expert advice supplied by Electro Rent to support them in making the right rental decision for their requirements and, as the partnership progresses, introducing a range of financial solutions.

Peter Collingwood, CEO Electro Rent Europe, said: “Organisations throughout Europe are navigating a challenging economic time. By partnering with Rohde & Schwarz we are able to combine their technical innovation with our expertise and experience in providing alternative, OPEX driven financial solutions to access vital test equipment. Through increased investment in Rohde & Schwarz inventory and close collaboration of our teams throughout Europe, we are in a fantastic position to continue to support our customers as they plan and execute their future test and measurement requirements.”

Patricio Duenas, General Manager Sales Germany at Rohde & Schwarz, said: “The partnership with Electro Rent gives Rohde & Schwarz customers the flexibility they need to secure the right high-end test solutions in a CAPEX conscious environment. With their well-established and effective setup for supplying and financing rental equipment across Europe, Electro Rent is an ideal partner to deliver our industry-leading T&M equipment.”

Manufacturers traditionally perceive metrology as something uniquely relevant to mission-critical industries. Like a chameleon adapting for survival, manufacturers in aerospace and medical device manufacturing must show compliance. However, others in the industry should perceive themselves as peacocks — using quality management to excel in the eyes of potential business partners. Here Mike John, managing director of industrial metrology specialist, The Sempre Group, explains the short and long term benefits of adopting metrology on the shop floor.

Metrology is no longer just a process for inspecting products that require exact configurations, such as aerospace parts. However, its importance and benefits in a range of applications are often overlooked in the wider industry. While one faulty component found in one car in an automotive production line will not lead to public outcry — allowing defective products to reach the customer could negatively impact public image in the long term.

What you lose

An accessible record of quality controls is an effective tool for manufacturers to demonstrate product quality to clients. Without a shop floor metrology solution, clients receiving one or more faulty products from a batch could have grounds to return the whole order. This leads to lost production time and wasted stock that could have been avoided if faults had been detected earlier.

Adequate quality measures go beyond owning a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Larger clients may also choose to be proactive and collect evidence of insufficient quality management during regular audits. To avoid breaching contract, manufacturers will need to find automated and digitalised quality management systems to effectively store data, analyse it and verify or improve their product’s quality.

What you gain

Integrating metrology solutions on the factory floor might add a step to production, but it increases overall productivity by reducing scrap rate. As more stock reaches clients with a demonstrable level of quality, manufacturers will see a reduction in production costs and a reduction in waste from defective parts. In the long term, these measures will be acknowledged by word of mouth, industry knowledge and client accreditations.

Integrating real-time data collection on the shop floor is only as useful as the automated reports that manufacturers generate, opening the door to paperless manufacturing. On top of ensuring GDPR compliance, potentially saving four per cent of global annual turnover, a fully digital system gives streamlined access to verifiable documents that ensure a product’s quality and accuracy. Adopting systems that allow for both effective collection and analysis of data are central to providing a professional image.

While the quality of a product is a fundamental requirement for its success, the opinion others have of the product is also important. Research from the chair of management accounting and logistics at the University of Regensburg suggests that manufacturers underplay the advantages gained by a positive reputation. Suppliers can gain a stronger position for negotiating with their clients if they have a positive image. This has the potential to not only lead to new business but also better pay for existing clients.

Even outside of the aerospace and medical fields, the short- and long-term benefits of metrology go far beyond simple cost-saving measures. To make your peacock feathers shine, you should also consider how investing in metrology can improve quality, demonstrate expertise and maintain client loyalty, allowing you to rise above competitors.

Foremost Electronics, the engineering-led Essex based importer and specialist distributor of electromechanical components, announces new additions to icotek’s market leading range of cable entry plates, the KEL-DP 25 version A and KEL-DP 32 version A and B. KEL-DP products offer high cable density and are a simple to use cost saving alternative to traditional cable glands. The KEL-DP is a hygienic design, free of dirt-collecting recesses and provides environmental protection IP65 / UL type 12.

The new products fit standard metric M25 and M32 cut-outs and, depending on the model up to 13 different cables can be inserted through a single gland. The KEL-DP range can accommodate cable diameters from 5.2 to 8mm and are suitable for mounting in enclosure wall thicknesses from 1.5 – 4mm

Cable access is quick and simple; the membrane only needs to be gently pierced for the cable can be passed through and the KEL-DP provides very good strain relief on the cable bundle. If a cable is removed and the puncture in the membrane is no longer required, it can be safely closed with an icotek ST-B plug.

KEL-DP entry plates are designed for routing cables without connectors and are snap-in mounted into the panel cut-out without requiring any tools. Integrated spring bars centre the position of the KEL-DP in the cut-out.

The KEL-DP 25 is available in version A (for sheet thicknesses from 1.5 to 2.5 mm) and the KEL-DP 32 has two options; version A (for sheet thicknesses 1.5-2.5mm) and version B (for sheet thicknesses 2.8-4.0mm). All versions have a height of 5mm.

Other icotek EMC shielding products available from Foremost include shield clamps, cable glands, strain relief plates and cable entry systems including the  EMC-KVT-DS, the world’s first split EMC cable gland for preassembled cables which also provides IP54 protection for use in extreme outdoor conditions.

Emma Kempster, Key Account Manager, of Foremost Electronics, comments;” The new icotek KEL-DP 25 cable glands offer fast, flexible and convenient waterproof cable access to panels and enclosures for a wide range of industrial applications.”

For more information call +44 (0)1371 811171, email sales@4most.co.uk or visit http://www.4most.co.uk/

Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, production of ventilators has skyrocketed, in order to support the exponential increase in demand for patients infected with the novel coronavirus. This demand exceeds the production capacity of typical ventilator manufacturers, and so manufacturers who usually produce other products have found themselves switching production over to meet the increase in ventilator demand. Some of these manufacturers are already properly outfitted for ventilator production, but most have needed to adapt and add to their existing machinery.

Ventilator Basics and Meeting Demand

A ventilator consists of several major components: oxygen sensors, pressure pumps, motors, and a battery pack. Each of these consists of sub-components, and are typically manufactured separately and then combined before being shipped out to support patients in ICUs and other hospital settings.

Manufacturers already using advanced welding technologies are typically well poised to switch their production over to ventilators, because there is extensive welding demand in ventilator components. Below, find a table of ventilator components and the types of welding that are used to produce those components.

Given the importance of welding technology to nearly the full range of ventilator components, AMADA WELD TECH is prepared to provide manufacturers with additional welding technology to meet these unprecedented needs, as well as to provide support to existing customers who are looking for ways to adapt their existing technology to new applications.

Adaptation in order to facilitate rapid ventilator production is a critical component of response to the current pandemic, and superior welding technology, in particular, will be an important piece of this puzzle now and moving forward.

Measuring pressure is fundamental in the control of most industrial processes. As a key indicator of quality, consistency and safety, pressure needs to be measured as accurately and as widely as possible. Many of today’s pressure transmitters on the market are highly capable devices found in a wide variety of demanding applications and industries. While offering high performance, these high specification devices often come at a premium price and require extra time to customize and deliver.

But what if your application does not require the highest specification levels? The new ABB PxS100 range fits the bill. It provides all the features and functions you need and none of the ones you don’t. Flexible and adaptable, it gives you the device you need in a fraction of the time it takes to specify, adapt and deliver a complex unit.

We talk to David Bowers, Product Manager Pressure and Process Flow at ABB, about the new range and the key benefits it can offer.

Describe the PxS100 range in 20 words or less?

The PxS100 range offers the essential features and the same accurate sensor technology you would expect from our higher-specification transmitters, at a competitive price.

Tell us more, what key benefits does it offer customers?

The PxS100 range is available in two versions. The PGS100 is for measuring gauge pressure, while the PAS100 is for absolute pressure measurements.

Both are lean transmitters that have been cleverly designed to offer all the essential features expected in a pressure transmitter, with the ability to withstand demanding environments including hazardous areas. The result is a truly versatile product that can be delivered in a fraction of the time typically associated with ordering a pressure transmitter. With a variety of customisable options, the range gives customers the opportunity to make an optimal purchase decision without having to compromise.

This PxS100 range is the go-to competitive solution for most applications, and the real beauty is that they come with the same high-performance accuracy and range you would expect from any of the superior specification pressure transmitters. If you want to upgrade the sensor, for example, it is available blind with no display, normal display or a high-resolution display and HART. An optional high definition backlit display enables excellent readability of the reading even in dark environments.

Where can the transmitters be used?

The transmitters can be used in all sorts of applications across multiple industries. The gauge and absolute sensor variants cover five different measurement ranges spanning applications from 40mbar (16in H2O) up to 100bar (1450 psi). A compact stainless-steel housing enables all PxS100 transmitters to be used in conditions of high-humidity or high dust concentration in the air.

The design has also considered the hygiene requirements in food and beverage and pharmaceuticals applications, with a choice of ingress protection levels from IP66 to IP69K making the transmitter suitable for hygienic environments. Its robust design means it can be used in the most demanding environments including in hazardous areas.

Is it simple to set up and to use?

One of the key drivers in the development of our instruments and analysers is to make them as easy as possible to operate. For this reason, the PxS100 transmitter range uses an Easy Set Up menu which applies the same intuitive logic as a smartphone. The menu enables users to establish the main device parameters quickly and easily, significantly installation and set-up and eliminating the risk of potential errors during commissioning and operation.

The same simplicity has been applied to configuring and communicating with the transmitters. The transmitters can be ordered with 4..20 mA analogue protocol or HART digital protocol. The HART version allows an easy-set up configuration. Both the PSG100 and PAS100 are also fully compatible with asset management software such as ABB’s FIM (Field Information Manager). Enabling users to perform a range of remote access and configuration functions, ABB’s FIM tool eliminates the need to physically visit the device, which could be located in inaccessible or hazardous areas. The availability of drivers like DD, DTM and FIM further expands the configurability of the transmitters from the local unit up to handheld HART devices and PCs.

The transmitters are also easy to install. A double-threaded process connection which can be used with a huge range of adapter accessories ensures maximum compatibility by enabling the transmitters to meet the installation requirements of a range of different industries with different locations, environments and requirements. Using ABB’s range of adaptable connectors and flanges, the PxS100 series can be rapidly configured to accommodate hundreds of different requirements.

How has ABB managed to speed up the delivery of the pressure transmitters?

The thing that makes it possible to fit in a variety of settings are the fittings. Options such as interchangeable threaded connectors and flanges enable ABB’s nationwide network of stockists and value providers to stock product without the need to make a bespoke order. This means customers can order a device to their own specific requirements directly from either their value provider or ABB and expect delivery within a few days.

The additional benefit is that ABB has entrusted the data tagging and customisation of the transmitter’s electronics to the Channel Partner/ Value Provider. The Channel Partner will print the Data Tag – serial number and customer details on labels. It is also possible for the Channel partner to customise the electronics including adding a partner address and customer services number.

Will it need replacing as digital instrumentation is rolled out?

The PxS100 range has been designed to meet the trend for increasing digitalisation and incorporates all sorts of features that make it easy to obtain vital information online. One key feature is the inclusion of QR codes. There is a ‘static’ QR code printed onto the device’s name plate. When scanned using a smartphone or tablet it will give direct access to the PxS100 series webpage where manuals, instructions and any other related documentation can be retrieved.

The device can also offer Digital Diagnosis Access (DDA), using dynamic QR codes which are activated by an error or when a faulty condition is detected, such as the process being outside the measuring limits. Dynamic QR (DQR) codes take the advantages of QR code technology one step further. Unlike QR codes which are static and can only display a limited amount of predefined, hard-coded information, DQR codes are able to reflect the real-time status of the device in question. Scanning the dynamic QR code on the device will bring up diagnostic information, possible causes and instructions on how to correct it all in clean clear and detailed text.

Many customers have issues with arduous process conditions. How does the transmitter solve this?

In the past, maximising protection meant having a top of the line high end pressure transmitter with costly protective coatings or materials.

ABB’s solution to this is diaflex coating. Diaflex is a flexible diamond coating that provides a comprehensive safeguard against abrasion and other harsh operating conditions that can quickly destroy pressure transmitter diaphragms in unprotected devices. With a Vickers hardness value of 4000HV, it exceeds the resilience of other forms of protective coatings such as gold and ceramics, without compromising pressure transmitter performance. This is due to its ultra-thin thickness, which allows the springiness, or flexing, of the metal diaphragm to be retained, enabling it to be used for applications with process temperatures ranging from -100°C to 700°C depending on the fill fluids being used.

The transmitter also features our H-Shield technology. H-Shield resolves the issue of hydrogen permeation that causes galvanic corrosion in applications with dissimilar metals. If allowed to do so, hydrogen can pass through metal, potentially causing a bubble to form in the pressure transmitter diaphragm that can eventually destroy the transmitter. This issue has traditionally been solved by coating the diaphragm with gold. While effective, this method is very expensive and can be hard to work with.

H-Shield overcomes this, by allowing the use of stainless-steel material with Hastelloy with a protective coating. As well as being less costly, it offers much greater protection than gold, without affecting measurement performance.

Finally, how would you describe the PxS100 range in a nutshell?

The range provides all the features and functions you need. Flexible and adaptable, it gives you the right solution in a fraction of the time normally needed to specify, adapt and deliver a typical pressure transmitter.

RS Components (RS) has paired up with educational robotics systems provider VEX Robotics to launch its latest STEM initiative for 8- to 16-year olds.

The online challenge tasks students with writing code to enable a virtual robot to deliver ingredients to a production line in a virtual crisp factory. The virtual robot requires students to code its movement, and sensors help it to navigate around the factory floor and to collect and release containers for the ingredients to make the crisps.

The coding task is executed via VEXcode VR, using a simple block-based programming environment powered by Scratch or a Python text-based interface. VEXcode VR is a web-based portal, no installation is required, and it will run on all major desktops, Chromebook and tablet browsers.

The challenge is split into three categories: primary school students (aged 8 to 11); lower secondary school students (aged 11 to 14, in years 7-9); upper secondary school students (aged 14 to 16, in years 10-11). Students have the option to complete three coding tasks, with more difficult tasks available for students to gain additional credit from the judges. Further credit will also be given for solutions using Python coding throughout.

Winners will be selected by judges from RS and VEX Robotics who will assess the most efficient and creative code used in the challenge. One winner in each age category will receive a VEX Robotics off road truck, a remote-controlled vehicle kit that is assembled from over 820 parts and, once complete, can be controlled using the VEX Pilot app. The runner-up of each category will receive a VEX robotics gear racer kit, which enables the user to experiment with how different gear ratios affect the speed and acceleration of a rubber band-powered car.

“Coding is a creative process and a key engineering skill that we must nurture for continued innovation in technology,” commented Laura Giddings, STEM Education Manager at RS. “This online educational challenge with VEX Robotics is designed to encourage young minds to explore coding in a fun, safe and engaging way, and to reward them with a sense of achievement in the learning process.”

“For over a decade, VEX Robotics has helped students to develop skills in design, engineering and coding through competitive robotics,” said Chris Calver, UK Education Manager at VEX Robotics. “Now with VEXcode VR, teachers can continue to use robotics concepts to teach computing and coding even when it is not possible to be using physical robots. These skills in programming, testing and debugging are easily transferable, not only to physical robots but also to all other areas of computer science.”

For details of how to enter the challenge, please visit http://uk.rs-online.com/STEM. The closing date for submissions is 00:00 BST on Friday 31 August 2020. The winners will be announced in early September.

For more information about RS Education, please visit https://uk.rs-online.com/Education.

Throughout unmanned facilities within the oil and gas industry, a human presence is generally still needed for regular inspection work, so deploying Ex certified robots (ATEX and IECEx Zone 1) incorporated with the ION Science Falco, can have a significant positive impact on safety by minimising worker field trips, which in turn reduces operating costs.

ION Science’s Falco VOC (volatile organic compound) monitor boasts fast response times and several innovative design features. The instrument’s typhoon technology prevents condensation forming on the sensor making it ideal for use in high humidity and harsh weather conditions.

Ian Peerless, Operations Director at ExRobotics comments: “Our robots are used in the oil and gas industry mainly for first response, fugitive emission and preventative maintenance. The introduction of more stringent fugitive emission regulations and the subsequent opening up of new markets prompted the need for a fixed gas detection instrument that could be incorporated into our remotely operated ExR-1 robot.

“The ION Science Falco VOC monitor was recommended by a significant player in the oil industry who conducted extensive performance tests and trials at a large refinery where the Falco came out on top. When ExRobotics did testing of its own, we also found the detector to be robust and reliable.”

The ExRobotics ExR-1 robot is equipped with camera’s for visual inspection, microphones for sound monitoring and the Falco gas detector for leak detection. It sends an alarm to the control room if a leak is detected.

ExR-1 with Falco navigates autonomously through installations and find its way back to its docking station to recharge. This means that inspectors and operators can reduce their visits to remote or hazardous locations, greatly improving their work safety.

The PM2.5 Particulate Matter Analyzer from ELV Elektronik AG, which is available as a complete kit and as a ready-to-use device, provides highly accurate measurements of particulate matter pollution down to a particle size of PM1.0 – both on mobile devices and on a desktop PC. This is made possible by a precise particulate matter sensor with long-term stability from Sensirion.

The concentration of particulate matter is an important aspect of air quality. Particulate matter, referred to as “PM” for short, is a mixture of solid particles and fine droplets suspended in the air that can be inhaled and cause serious health problems. It is the smallest particles from industrial, transport, and household pollution that we need to think about as humans because they can prove to be very harmful to our health. The smallest particles can penetrate deep into our bodies and can cause asthma, allergies, and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The frequency and intensity of this harm to our health increases in line with the concentration of particulate matter in the air we breathe. Various devices, such as the ELV PM2.5 Particulate Matter Analyzer from ELV Elektronik AG, are available for avoiding exposure to high concentrations of particulate matter or for identifying its sources.

The ELV Particulate Matter Analyzer is suitable for both mobile and stationary applications in the field of particulate matter measurement with its high-quality OLED color graphic display and convenient depiction of the measured values, a LiPo battery that can be recharged using a USB charging port, and the option to record and output the measured values. The device is available in two versions – firstly, as a complete kit for the electronics enthusiast, and, secondly, as a ready-to-use device for the end user.

“Using Sensirion’s MCERTS-certified, highly accurate particulate matter sensor with long-term stability, we can offer our customers a high-quality environmental measuring device that is ideally suited to specialist, multi-purpose measurement in particulate matter thanks to its range of device functions,” says Markus Ulsaß, Managing Editor at ELVjournal.

Sensirion’s SPS30 is the first mass-market particulate matter sensor to achieve MCERTS certification and represents a technological breakthrough in optical PM sensors. The measurement principle is based on laser scattering and makes use of Sensirion’s innovative contamination resistance technology. Together with high-quality and long-lasting components, this technology enables precise measurements from the first time that the device is commissioned and throughout its service life of more than ten years. In addition, Sensirion’s advanced algorithms provide superior PM2.5 measurement performance and higher-resolution particle size binning, giving rise to new possibilities for detecting different types of environmental dust and other particles.

“ELV’s PM2.5 Particulate Matter Analyzer is an ideal application for our SPS30 particulate matter sensor, as the device is designed to provide high levels of accuracy and reliable functionality,” says Hartmut Welte, Area Sales Manager at Sensirion.

RS Components (RS) is providing ongoing support for makers, manufacturers and engineers around the world eager to support the fight against COVID-19 through building and supplying ventilators.

Ventilators are highly complex electromechanical devices, designed by experts in their field using the most optimal components. RS has collated four supplier solutions from Maxim, Microchip, STMicroelectronics and Renesas and made them available through a dedicated Ventilator Solutions landing page for any engineers or makers looking to build their own ventilator.

“RS is uniquely capable of supplying the vast majority of components needed to realise a ventilator solution,” commented Lynn Ma, Supplier Manager at RS. “By providing easier access to these supplier solutions and the components that enable them, we hope we are able to better support the global efforts to combat COVID-19.”

While the pandemic continues to put pressure on medical institutions the need for ventilators will continue. Until that threat passes, RS will support the engineering community worldwide, in whatever way it can.

Other open source designs for medical devices are available via RS, including pulse oximeter solutions from Maxim, Microchip and ON Semiconductor.

As a British developer and manufacturer of gas analysers, Signal Group follows the emergence of international Standards very closely. This is because Standards ensure that monitors are fit for purpose, and also because regulators require operators to employ suitably certified equipment. Signal Group is therefore delighted to confirm that the latest version of its portable FID analyser, the 3010 MINIFID PURE is being submitted to TÜV for QAL1 testing. This is a procedure to demonstrate that the instrument is suitable for its intended purpose, and meets required performance standards and the uncertainty allowances specified in EU Directives.

Previous versions of this instrument were certified in the UK according to the MCERTS requirements. However, performance requirements have since been unified in Europe, and at the same time product development work has enhanced the capabilities of this product line, so the time has come for us to seek certification to the latest Standards.

Which Standards apply to the discontinuous measurement of TOC emissions?

There are two European standards that apply to the use of portable FID analysers. BS EN 15267-4:2017 specifies the performance levels and test procedures for automated measuring systems used for discontinuous (periodic) measurements of stationary source emissions. It applies to testing based on techniques specified by a standard reference method (SRM) or an alternative method.

BS EN 12619:2013 specifies the flame ionisation detector (FID) method, and is intended for use as a SRM for the measurement of the mass concentration of gaseous and vaporous organic substances in stationary source emissions up to 1,000 mg/m³. This Standard specifies the requirements for a FID instrument with results expressed in mg/m³ as total carbon (TVOC).

Why monitor the emissions of organic compounds?

A wide variety of industrial processes produce emissions that contain organic carbon. For example, volatile organic carbon compounds (VOCs) are a common constituent in the emissions of processes that involve petrochemicals, paints, coatings, adhesives and cleaning chemicals. In many of these processes, solvents play a major role and the release of VOCs represents a risk to health and the environment. Similarly, combustion processes give rise to VOC emissions, particularly where combustion involves the use of an organic fuel. This includes fossil fuels such as petrol, diesel and oil, as well as wastes and biofuels. Organic carbon can exist in emissions as a gas or a vapour; the latter being characterised as a substance that is a mixture of two phases – gaseous and liquid.

By monitoring total organic carbon (TOC) concentration in emissions, process operators can demonstrate compliance with relevant legislation, as well as provide insights for process optimisation, because the presence of organic compounds is an indicator of incomplete combustion. In addition, it is common practice to monitor TOC in order to measure the effectiveness of abatement processes.

Transportable Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (T-CEMs) are generally employed for regulatory monitoring; verifying and calibrating installed CEMs, according to the requirements of BS EN 14181, and for providing temporary back-up when permanent CEMs are not operating.

How to monitor TOC emissions

As a Standard Reference Method, TOC measurement with a FID is generally preferred. However, where there is a potential for the emission of particularly toxic VOCs, the site permit may include a requirement for the monitoring of individual organic compounds, which means that a monitoring technology capable of speciation will be necessary. Alternatively, it may be necessary for the monitoring activity to distinguish between methane and non-methane VOCs. Where speciation is required, technology such as Gas Chromatography, FTIR or Mass Spectrometry may be necessary. However, if speciation is required, a continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) will almost always be necessary.

Choosing the right instrument

If monitoring is being undertaken for compliance purposes, the environmental permit will indicate the certification required for the emissions monitoring equipment. This will limit the number of suitable suppliers, but a number of other issues will need to be addressed when choosing the most appropriate instrument.

If a transportable instrument is required: is it suitably robust? and has it been designed for portability? Keep in mind that it may be necessary to transport the equipment from site to site, and to carry the instrument up ladders in potentially inclement weather.

Price is of course a major consideration, but it is best to compare lifetime costs that take operational costs into account as well as the purchase price. So, issues such as calibration and service requirements will need to be addressed. It is also advisable to examine the supplier’s reputation – do they have support capability? do they have longstanding experience in the supply of portable FIDs? and what has been the experience of previous users?

With over 40 years of experience in the development and manufacture of FIDs, Signal Group can claim to score very highly in such comparisons with the well proven and competitively priced Model 3010 MiniFid. Once this transportable FID has passed through the QAL1 process, Signal’s SOLAR Series IV permanently installed FID will also be submitted for certification.

The prospect of the latest FID technology with TÜV certification for QAL 1 of EN 14181 will be of major interest to stack testers and process operators with a requirement to monitor TOC emissions.